Multiple Tropopauses:
A Major Source of Middle-Atmospheric Gravity Waves
Manabu D. Yamanaka and Shoichiro Fukao
Radio Atmospheric Science Center, Kyoto University,
Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan
Solar Terrestrial Energy Program:
The Initial Results from STEP Facilities and Theory Campaigns,
D. N. Baker, V. O. Papitashvili and M. J. Teague (eds.),
Pergamon Press, London, pp.453-461.
Paper No. MA7 (an invited talk) presented
at the 1992 STEP Symposium/5th COSPAR Colloquium, Laurel, August 1992;
which was a meeting related to the 29th COSPAR Plenary Meeting,
the World Space Congress,
Washington D.\ C., USA,
28 August-5 September 1992.
First draft: February, 1992;
Submitted: late 1992;
Accepted: early 1993
Published: February, 1994
ABSTRACT ,
CONTENTS ,
CORRECTIONS ,
FIGURES ,
REFERENCES ,
CITATIONS
Abstract
On the basis of MU radar and routine network observations since 1985,
we consider the dominant mode of lower-stratospheric inertio-gravity waves
as ``multiple tropopauses'' which compensate an imbalance of
one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium.
Turbulence layers parallel to such wavy structures are regarded as
``mini-tropospheres'',
and secondary waves generated by wavebreaking may propagate upward and
become dominant modes in the higher altitude regions.
Spectral and monochromatic analyses of observational results obtained by
a three-week continuous MU radar operation during 17 June-8 July 1991
show that the dominant wave parameters in the tropopause region have
a temporal variability of 10--20% with a characteristic scale of 2--3 days,
which is correlated to activities of the medium (or meso-$\alpha$) scale
disturbances on the subtropical ( Baiu ) front in the troposphere.
Another case study on a strong typhoon,
which approached to the MU radar observatory at a distance of only 30 km
in the midnight of 19-20 September 1990,
shows that the typhoon was gradually changed to a medium-scale extratropical
cyclone on the subtropical ( Shurin ) front with multiple tropopauses.
Contents
- Introduction
- Significance of Multiple Tropopauses
- 500-Hour Observations by the MU Radar
- A Case Study on Typhoon Transformation
- Conclusion
Corrections and Additional Remarks
- Published year (1152) of Ref. No. 5 must be read as 1973.
- Ref. No. 48 (Yamanaka and Fukao, 1993) was published as
Yamanaka and Fukao (1994) listed later.
- Ref. No. 51 (Fukao et al., 1993) was published as
Fukao et al. (1994) listed later.
List of Figures
(No Tabales)
- Fig. 1.
Schematic meridional cross-sections of the mid-latitude tropopause region
(solid lines: isentropes,
broken lines: isotachs) for (a) the case of radiative-convective equilibrium
and (b) the case including gravity wave (multiple tropopause) effect.
Temperature ($T$) profiles in the polar ($y_{p}$) and tropical ($y_{p}$)
sides are also indicated.
- Fig. 2.
An example of multiple tropopauses identified with lower-stratospheric
internal inertio-gravity waves (2100 JST 2 July 1991).
(a) Quasi-meridional cross-section along the Japanese Archipelago,
based on JMA data (thin solid contours: pseudo-adiabats; %(every 5 K),
broken contours: zonal isotachs; %(every 10 m/s),
thick solid curves: tropopauses and fronts;
thick broken curves: temperature significant levels).
%Stations used in the analyses are Sapporo (47412),
%Akita (47582),
%Wajima (47600),
%Shionomisaki (47778) and Minamidaitojima (47945).
%and an interpolation between Hachijojima (47678) and Naze (47909).
(b) High-passed meridional wind profile observed by the MU radar.
(c) High-passed temperature profile obtained by a radiosonde.
- Fig. 3.
Temporal variations of intrinsic frequency ($\hat{\omega}$) and
vertical wavelength ($m$) for the dominant mode of inertio-gravity waves
in the tropopause region (15--20 km altitudes),
compared with the scalar kinetic energy ($E$) and
the maximum horizontal wind speed ($U$) of
the tropopausal westerly jet stream.
Observations were carried out by the MU radar during 17 June--8 July 1991.
- Fig. 4.
Radial-vertical cross-sections of radial and vertical winds associated
with typhoon Flo analyzed from data before (left) and after (right)
the center passed by the MU radar observatory in the midnight of
19--20 September 1990.
- Fig. 5.
Temporal-vertical cross-sections of the ratio of vertical to off-vertical
echo power intensities (corresponding to the layered turbulence or
multiple `mini-troposphere' activity) associated with typhoon Flo
analyzed from data before (left) and after (right)
the center passed by the MU radar observatory in the midnight of
19--20 September 1990.
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Citations by Subsequent Papers
(Under construction !!!!!)
List of Original Papers
by M. D. Yamanaka
Bibliography
by any authors
M. D. YAMANAKA homepage (English)
E-mail : yamanaka@kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp